新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记：Lesson44
希望为大家的新概念英语学习提供帮助!
【课文】
First listen and then answer the following question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What influences us from the moment of birth?
Custom has not commonly been regarded as a subject of any great moment. The inner workings of our own brains we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation, but custom, we have a way of thinking, is behaviour at its most commonplace. As a matter of fact, it is the other way around. Traditional custom, taken the world over, is a mass of detailed behaviour more astonishing than what any one person can ever evolve in individual actions, no matter how aberrant. Yet that is a rather trivial aspect of the matter. The fact of first-rate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and in belief, and the very great varieties it may manifest.
No man ever looks at the world with pristine eyes. He sees it edited by a definite set of customs and institutions and ways of thinking. Even in his philosophical probing he cannot go behind these stereotypes; his very concepts of the true and the false will still have reference to his particular traditional customs. John Dewey has said in all seriousness that the part played by custom in shaping the behaviour of the individual, as against any way in which he can affect traditional custom, is as the proportion of the total vocabulary of his mother tongue against those words of his own baby talk that are taken up into the vernacular of his family. When one seriously studies the social orders that have had the opportunity to develop autonomously, the figure becomes no more than an exact and matter-of-fact observation. The life history of the individual is first and foremost an accommodation to the patterns and standards traditionally handed down in his community. From the moment of his birth, the customs into which he is born shape his experience and behaviour. By the time he can talk, he is the little creature of his culture, and by the time he is grown and able to take part in its activities, its habits are his habits, its beliefs his beliefs, its impossibilities his impossibilities. Every child that is born into his group will share them with him, and no child born into one on the opposite side of the globe can ever achieve the thousandth part. There is no social problem it is more incumbent upon us to understand than this of the role of custom. Until we are intelligent as to its laws and varieties, the main complicating facts of human life must remain unintelligible.
The study of custom can be profitable only after certain preliminary propositions have been accepted, and some of these propositions have been violently opposed. In the first place, any scientific study requires that there be no preferential weighting of one or another of the items in the series it selects for its consideration. In all the less controversial fields, like the study of cacti or termites or the mature of nebulae, the necessary method of study is to group the relevant material and to take note of all possible variant forms and conditions. In this way, we have learned all that we know of the laws of astronomy, or of the habits of the social insects, let us say. It is only in the study of man himself that the major social sciences have substituted the study of one local variation, that of Western civilization.
Anthropology was by definition impossible, as long as these distinctions between ourselves and the primitive, ourselves and the barbarian, ourselves and the pagan, held sway over people's minds. It was necessary first to arrive at that degree of sophistication where we no longer set our own belief against our neighbour's superstition. It was necessary to recognize that these institutions which are based on the same premises, let us say the supernatural, must be considered together, our own among the rest.
RUTH BENEDICT Patterns of Culture
【New words and expressions 生词和短语】
commonplace adj. 平凡的
aberrant adj. 脱离常轨的，异常的
trivial adj. 微不足道的，琐细的
predominant adj. 占优势的，起支配作用的
manifest v. 表明
pristine adj. 纯洁的，质朴的
stereotype n. 陈规
vernacular n. 方言
accommodation n. 适应
incumbent adj. 义不容辞的，有责任的
preliminary adj. 初步的
proposition n. 主张
preferrential adj. 优先的
controversial adj. 引起争论的
cactus n. 仙人掌
termite n. 白蚁
nebula adj. 星云
variant n. 不同的
barbarian n. 野蛮人
pagan n. 异教徒
sophistication n. 老练
premise n. 前提
supernatural adj. 超自然的
【课文注释】
1.The inner workings of our own brains 这一部分是feel的宾语，为了强调而把宾语提前了，to be uniquely worthy of investigation 是宾语补足语。
2.commonplace
adj. 平凡的
例句：Poets interpret the commonplace freshly.
诗人能把平凡的事物描绘得有声有色。
He was an unambitious man destined for a commonplace job.
他是一个没有野心的人，注定要找一个平凡的工作。
n. 常事， 老生常谈， 普通的东西
例句：Soon it will be commonplace for men to travel to the moon.
人们去月球旅行很快就会成为常事。
What he has said is a mere commonplace.
他所说的无非是老生常谈而已。
Ms Reza's notes also record his more commonplace traits.
另外，雷扎也记录了萨科奇更多平凡普通的特征。
3.the other way around 正好相反
4.taken the world over 是过去分词短语，做traditional custom的定语，taken前省略了it is, 意为：被全世界所接受的。
5.trivial adj. 不重要的，琐碎的
例句：It's a trivial matter and not worth fighting about.
区区小事不值得争吵。
He could remember every trivial incident in great detail.
他能把每件小事的细节都记得很清楚。
6.predominant adj. 主要的，占优势的，显著的
例句：The predominant feature of his character was pride.
他的性格中主要的特点是骄傲。
Which country is the predominant member of the alliance?
哪个国家在联盟中居于支配地位?
【词义辨析】
dominant, predominant, sovereign 这些形容词均含有“占优势的，支配其它的”之意。
dominant: 强调权威。
predominant: 侧重指影响与新近的优势。
sovereign: 侧重指其他事物都从属于或低于它的。
7.manifest vt. 显示， 证实， 表露
例句：His generosity manifests itself in times of difficulties.
他的慷慨在困境中表现了出来。
No one can manifest the truth of his statement.
没人能证明他讲的是真话。
The contradiction manifested itself in the employment situation.
在就业问题上矛盾暴露了。
8.go behind these stereotypes 摆脱这些旧框框
9. his very concepts 其中的very是形容词，用于加强语气。
10.have reference to 参照……，与……有关
11.as against …is as…against 意为：与……相比较就如同……与……相比。
12.be taken up into 被接纳进
13.autonomously adv.自治地，自律地
14.first and foremost 首先
例句：In spite of her recent election success, she remains first and foremost a writer,
not a politician.
尽管她最近竞选获胜，但她首先是一位作家，而不是一位政治家。
First and foremost, I think you should work harder on your biology.
首先，我认为你应该多在生物学上下功夫。
15.the thousandth part 等于the thousandth part of the customs。
16.incumbent adj. 负有义务的，有责任的
例句：It is incumbent on me to reclaim him.
劝他改过是我义不容辞的义务。
I think it's incumbent upon us to support him.
我变为支持他是我们义不容辞的责任。
17.let us say 譬如说
【参考译文】
风俗一般未被认为是什么重要的课题。我们觉得，只有我们大脑内部的活动情况才值得研究，至于风俗呢，只是些司空见惯的行为而已。事实小，情况正好相反。从世界范围来看，传统风俗是由许多细节性的习惯行为组成，它比任何一个养成的行为都更加引人注目，不管个人行为多么异常。这只是问题的一个次要的侧面。最重要的是，风俗在实践中和信仰上所起的举足轻重的作用，以及它所表现出来的极其丰富多采的形式。
没有一个人是用纯洁而无偏见的眼光看待世界。人们所看到的是一个受特定风俗习惯、制度和思想方式剪辑过的世界。甚至在哲学领域的探索中，人们也无法超越这些定型的框框。人们关于真与伪的概念依然和特定的传统风俗有关。约翰.杜威曾经非常严肃地指出：风俗在形成个人行为方面所起的作用和一个对风俗的任何影响相比，就好像他本国语言的总词汇量和自己咿呀学语时他家庭所接纳的他的词汇量之比。当一个人认真地研究自发形成的社会秩序时，杜威的比喻就是他实事求是观察得来的形象化的说法。个人的生活史首先是适应他的社团世代相传形成的生活方式和准则。从他呱呱坠地的时刻起，他所生于其中的风俗就开始塑造他的经历和行为规范。到会说话时，他就是传统文化塑造的一个小孩子;等他长大了，能做各种事了，他的社团的习惯就是他的习惯，他的社团的信仰就是他的信仰，他的社团不能做的事就是他不能做的事。每一个和他诞生在同一个社团中的孩子和他一样具有相同的风俗;而在地球的另一边。诞生在另一个社团的孩子与他就是少有相同的风俗。没有任何一个社会问题比得上风俗的作用问题更要求我们对它理解。直到我们理解了风俗的规律性和多样性，我们才能明白人为生活中主要的复杂现象。
只有在某些基本的主张被接受下来、同时有些主张被激烈反对时，对风俗的研究才是全面的，才会有收获。首先，任何科学研究都要求人们对可供考虑的诸多因素不能厚此薄彼，偏向某一方面。在一切争议较小的领域里，如对仙人掌、白蚁或星云性质的研究，应采取的研究方法是。把有关各方面的材料汇集起来，同时注意任何可能出现的异常情况和条件。例如，用这种方法，我们完全掌握了天文学的规律和昆虫群居的习性。只是在对人类自身的研究。只要我们同原始人，我们同野蛮人，我们同异教徒之间存有的区别在人的思想中占主导地位，那么人类学按其定义来说就无法存在。我们首先需要达到这样一种成熟的程度：不用自己的信仰去反对我们邻居的迷信。必须认识到，这些建立在相同前提基础上的风俗，暂且可以说是超自然的东西，必须放在一起加以考虑，我们自己的风俗和其他民族的风俗都在其中。